Leo Castelli Gallery, New York, White Paintings 1951, October 12–26, 1968. 

Institute of Contemporary Art, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Against Order: Chance and Art, November 14–December 22, 1970. 

Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, White on White: The White Monochrome in the 20th Century, December 18, 1971–January 30, 1972. 

Ace Gallery, Venice, Calif., Rauschenberg White Paintings (1951), April 10–30, 1973. Traveled to Ace Gallery, Vancouver, June 1–16, 1973. 

National Collection of Fine Arts, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., Robert Rauschenberg, October 30, 1976–January 2, 1977. Traveled to Museum of Modern Art, New York, March 25–May 17, 1977; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, June 24–August 21, 1977; Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, N.Y., September 25–October 30, 1977; Art Institute of Chicago, December 3, 1977–January 15, 1978. no. 6

Staatliche Kunsthalle Berlin, Robert Rauschenberg: Werke 1950–1980, March 25–May 4, 1980. Traveled to Städtische Kunsthalle Düsseldorf and Kunstverein für die Rheinlande und Westfalen, Düsseldorf (as Robert Rauschenberg), June 7–July 13, 1980; Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Humlebæk, Denmark (as Robert Rauschenberg), September 20–November 23, 1980; Städelsches Kunstinstitut und Städtische Galerie, Frankfurt, December 4, 1980–January 18, 1981; Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, Munich, February 4–April 5, 1981; Tate Gallery, London (as Robert Rauschenberg), April 29–June 14, 1981. no. 1

Larry Gagosian Gallery, New York, Rauschenberg: The White and Black Paintings 1949–1952, April 18–May 31, 1986. 

BlumHelman, New York, White, January 7–31, 1987. 

Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Mo., Art by Chance: Fortuitous Impressions, July 22–September 3, 1989. no. 279

Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., Robert Rauschenberg: The Early 1950s, June 15–August 11, 1991. Organized by Menil Collection, Houston. Traveled to Menil Collection, Houston, September 27, 1991–January 5, 1992; Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, February 8–April 19, 1992; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, May 14–August 16, 1992; Guggenheim Museum SoHo, New York, October 24, 1992–January 24, 1993. 

45th Venice Biennale, Punti cardinale dell’arte (Cardinal Points of Art), June 13–October 10, 1993. (not in cat.)

Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art, The 2nd Hiroshima Art Prize: Robert Rauschenberg, November 3, 1993–January 16, 1994. no. 4

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, Robert Rauschenberg: A Retrospective, September 19, 1997–January 7, 1998 (also Guggenheim Museum SoHo, New York, September 19, 1997–January 4, 1998, and Ace Gallery, New York, September 19–November 9, 1997). Traveled to Menil Collection, Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, and Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, February 13–May 17, 1998; Museum Ludwig, Cologne (as Robert Rauschenberg: Retrospektive), June 27–October 11, 1998; Museo Guggenheim Bilbao (as Robert Rauschenberg: Retrospectiva), November 21, 1998–March 7, 1999. no. 15 (shown in Cologne and Bilbao only)

San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Points of Departure II: Connecting with Contemporary Art, November 17, 2001–June 9, 2002. 

San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Treasures of Modern Art: The Legacy of Phyllis Wattis at SFMOMA, January 30–June 24, 2003. 

San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, The Art of Participation: 1950 to Now, November 8, 2008–February 8, 2009. 

Museu d’Art Contemporani de Barcelona, L’anarquia del silenci: John Cage i l’art experimental (La anarquía del silencio: John Cage y el arte experimental/The Anarchy of Silence: John Cage and Experimental Art), October 23, 2009–January 10, 2010. 

San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 75 Years of Looking Forward: The Anniversary Show, December 19, 2009–January 16, 2011. (not in cat.; installed late)

Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt, Germany, A House Full of Music: Strategien in Musik und Kunst (A House Full of Music: Strategies in Music and Art), May 13–September 9, 2012. 

K21, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf, The Problem of God, September 26, 2015–January 24, 2016. no. 11

Tate Modern, London, Robert Rauschenberg, December 1, 2016–April 2, 2017. Organized with Museum of Modern Art, New York. Traveled to Museum of Modern Art, New York (as Robert Rauschenberg: Among Friends), May 21–September 17, 2017; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (as Robert Rauschenberg: Erasing the Rules), November 18, 2017–March 25, 2018. (shown in San Francisco only)

Glueck, Grace. “Ben Shahn Shines On.” New York Times, October 13, 1968. sec. D, p. 39

Pincus-Witten, Robert. “New York: Robert Rauschenberg, Castelli Gallery.” Artforum 7, no. 4 (December 1968). p. 55

Against Order: Chance and Art. Philadelphia: Institute of Contemporary Art, University of Pennsylvania, 1970. Exhibition catalogue. n.p.

White on White: The White Monochrome in the 20th Century. Chicago: Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, 1971. Exhibition catalogue. n.p.

Robert Rauschenberg. Washington, D.C.: National Collection of Fine Arts, Smithsonian Institution, 1976. Exhibition catalogue. no. 6, pp. 2 (ill.), 66 (ill.)

Stuckey, Charles F. “Reading Rauschenberg.” Art in America 65, no. 2 (March–April 1977). p. 79

Olson, Roberta J. M. “A Retrospective: Castelli on Rauschenberg.” SoHo Weekly News (New York), March 24, 1977. p. 26

Robert Rauschenberg: Werke 1950–1980. Berlin: Staatliche Kunsthalle Berlin, 1980. Exhibition catalogue. no. 1, p. 259 (ill.)

“Robert Rauschenberg.” Special issue, Louisiana Revy (Humlebæk, Denmark) 21, no. 1 (September 1980). no. 1, p. 43

Robert Rauschenberg. London: Tate Gallery, 1981. Exhibition brochure. no. 4, n.p.

Rauschenberg: The White and Black Paintings 1949–1952. New York: Larry Gagosian Gallery, 1986. Exhibition catalogue. n.p. (pl. 2)

Feinstein, Roni. “The Early Work of Robert Rauschenberg: The White Paintings, the Black Paintings, and the Elemental Sculptures.” Arts Magazine (New York) 61, no. 1 (September 1986). pp. 28, 34 (ill.)

McKenna, George L. Art by Chance: Fortuitous Impressions. Kansas City, Mo.: Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, 1989. Exhibition catalogue. no. 279, pp. 51–52

Feinstein, Roni. “Random Order: The First Fifteen Years of Robert Rauschenberg’s Art, 1949–1964.” PhD diss., New York University, 1990. ProQuest (303859753). p. 87, n.p. (fig. 19)

Hopps, Walter. Robert Rauschenberg: The Early 1950s. Houston: Menil Collection; Houston Fine Art Press, 1991. Exhibition catalogue. pp. 80, 83 (pl. 33), 87

Tallmer, Jerry. “Getting Started in Black and White.” New York Post, November 6, 1992. p. 42

Robert Rauschenberg: The 2nd Hiroshima Art Prize. Hiroshima: Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art, 1993. Exhibition catalogue. no. 4, p. 53 (pl. 4)

Wainwright, Lisa. “Reading Junk: Thematic Imagery in the Art of Robert Rauschenberg from 1952 to 1964.” PhD diss., University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1993. ProQuest (304050074). pp. ix, 66–67

Hopps, Walter, and Susan Davidson. Robert Rauschenberg: A Retrospective. New York: Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, 1997. Exhibition catalogue. no. 15, p. 57 (pl. 15)

Joseph, Branden W. “White on White.” Critical Inquiry 27, no. 1 (Autumn 2000). p. 120 (fig. 15)

Joseph, Branden W. Random Order: Robert Rauschenberg and the Neo-Avant-Garde. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2003. p. 70 (ill.)

Frieling, Rudolph, Boris Groys, Robert Atkins, and Lev Manovich. The Art of Participation: 1950 to Now. San Francisco: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 2008. Exhibition catalogue. pp. 84, 84 (pl. 4), 206

Robinson, Julia. The Anarchy of Silence: John Cage and Experimental Art. Barcelona: Museu d’Art Contemporani de Barcelona, 2009. Exhibition catalogue. pp. 179 (ill.), 293

Lanchner, Carolyn. Robert Rauschenberg. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2009. p. 8 (fig. 2)

Folland, Tom. “Robert Rauschenberg’s Queer Modernism: The Early Combines and Decoration.” Art Bulletin 92, no. 4 (December 2010). p. 353, 353 (fig. 6)

Beil, Ralf, and Peter Kraut, eds. A House Full of Music: Strategies in Music and Art. Darmstadt, Germany: Institut Mathildenhöhe; Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz, 2012. Exhibition catalogue. pp. 121 (ill.), 400

Roberts, Sarah. “White Painting [three panel].” Rauschenberg Research Project, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, July 2013. (fig. 1)

Hellstein, Valerie. “The Cage-iness of Abstract Expressionism.” American Art 28, no. 1 (Spring 2014). p. 58 (ill.)

Malz, Isabelle. The Problem of God. Bielefeld, Germany: Kerber, 2015. Exhibition catalogue. no. 11, pp. 68–69 (ill.), 71

Dickerman, Leah, and Achim Borchardt-Hume. Robert Rauschenberg. New York: Museum of Modern Art; London: Tate Publishing, 2016. Exhibition catalogue. p. 49 (pl. 11)

Kotz, Mary Lynn. Rauschenberg: Art and Life. 3rd ed. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2018. pp. 288–99