Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., Robert Rauschenberg: The Early 1950s, June 15–August 11, 1991. Organized by Menil Collection, Houston. Traveled to Menil Collection, Houston, September 27, 1991–January 5, 1992; Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, February 8–April 19, 1992; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, May 14–August 16, 1992; Guggenheim Museum SoHo, New York, October 24, 1992–January 24, 1993. 

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, Robert Rauschenberg: A Retrospective, September 19, 1997–January 7, 1998 (also Guggenheim Museum SoHo, New York, September 19, 1997–January 4, 1998, and Ace Gallery, New York, September 19–November 9, 1997). Traveled to Menil Collection, Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, and Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, February 13–May 17, 1998; Museum Ludwig, Cologne (as Robert Rauschenberg: Retrospektive), June 27–October 11, 1998; Museo Guggenheim Bilbao (as Robert Rauschenberg: Retrospectiva), November 21, 1998–March 7, 1999. no. 9

Museum Folkwang, Essen, Germany, Bauhaus: Dessau, Chicago, New York, August 12–November 12, 2000. no. 45

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, The Global Guggenheim: Selections from the Extended Collection, February 9–April 22, 2001. 

Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, Black Mountain College: Una aventura americana (Black Mountain College: Experiment in Art), October 28, 2002–January 13, 2003. 

Asheville Art Museum, N.C., Black Mountain College: Its Time and Place, April 7–August 6, 2006. (not in brochure)

Haus der Kunst, Munich, Black Paintings: Robert Rauschenberg, Ad Reinhardt, Mark Rothko, Frank Stella, September 15, 2006–January 14, 2007. no. 2

Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University, Durham, N.C., Rauschenberg: Collecting & Connecting, August 28, 2014–January 11, 2015. (not in cat.)

Tate Modern, London, Robert Rauschenberg, December 1, 2016–April 2, 2017. Organized with Museum of Modern Art, New York. Traveled to Museum of Modern Art, New York (as Robert Rauschenberg: Among Friends), May 21–September 17, 2017; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (as Robert Rauschenberg: Erasing the Rules), November 18, 2017–March 25, 2018. (not shown in London)

Museum Brandhorst, Munich, Fünf Freunde: John Cage, Merce Cunningham, Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, Cy Twombly (Five Friends: John Cage, Merce Cunningham, Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, Cy Twombly), April 10–August 17, 2025. Traveled to Museum Ludwig, Cologne, October 3, 2025–January 11, 2026. 

Feinstein, Roni. “Random Order: The First Fifteen Years of Robert Rauschenberg’s Art, 1949–1964.” PhD diss., New York University, 1990. ProQuest (303859753). p. 50, n.p. (fig. 3)

Hopps, Walter. Robert Rauschenberg: The Early 1950s. Houston: Menil Collection; Houston Fine Art Press, 1991. Exhibition catalogue. pp. 32, 63–64, 78 (pl. 29)

Robert Rauschenberg. Tokyo: Kodansha, 1993. n.p. (pl. 3), p. 93

Wainwright, Lisa. “Reading Junk: Thematic Imagery in the Art of Robert Rauschenberg from 1952 to 1964.” PhD diss., University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1993. ProQuest (304050074). p. xix

Hopps, Walter, and Susan Davidson. Robert Rauschenberg: A Retrospective. New York: Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, 1997. Exhibition catalogue. no. 9, pp. 44, 53 (pl. 9)

Költzsch, Georg-W., and Margarita Tupitsyn, eds. Bauhaus: Dessau, Chicago, New York. Cologne: DuMont, 2000. Exhibition catalogue. no. 45, p. 112 (ill.)

Katz, Vincent, ed. Black Mountain College: Experiment in Art. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002. Exhibition catalogue. pp. 156, 157 (ill.)

Rosenthal, Stephanie. Black Paintings. Translated by Büro Sieveking. Munich: Haus der Kunst; Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz, 2006. Exhibition catalogue. no. 2, pp. 27, 112 (pl. 2)

Davidson, Susan, and David White, eds. Robert Rauschenberg: Photographs 1949–1962. New York: D.A.P./Distributed Art Publishers, 2011. p. 22 (fig. 14)

Craft, Catherine. Robert Rauschenberg. London: Phaidon, 2013. p. 30 (no. 23)

Davidson, Susan. “Mother of God.” Rauschenberg Research Project, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, July 2013. (fig. 6)

Dickerman, Leah, and Achim Borchardt-Hume. Robert Rauschenberg. New York: Museum of Modern Art; London: Tate Publishing, 2016. Exhibition catalogue. pp. 19, 34, 46 (pl. 7), 93

Dziewior, Yilmaz, and Achim Hochdörfer, with Arthur Fink, eds. Five Friends: John Cage, Merce Cunningham, Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, Cy Twombly. Munich: Museum Brandhorst; Cologne: Museum Ludwig, 2025. Exhibition catalogue. pp. 84 (ill.), 321